That、Which、Who:TOEFL Reading 與 Writing 的關係子句陷阱
Write for an Academic Discussion 寫到一半,你把一個 lecture 重點摘要為:「The professor described a method, which was developed in the 1960s, that involves measuring soil density.」你按下送出,對自己用的詞彙感到滿意,繼續往下寫。評分者讀了兩遍——逗號與關係代名詞做的事不一致,意思會因為讀者怎麼解讀每個子句而改變。歡迎來到 TOEFL iBT 2026 中最被低估的文法主題之一:關係子句。
關係子句讓英文有了層次感。它們讓一個句子能在不顯得零碎的情況下承載兩三個訊息。用得乾淨,就是「The student. She studied hard. She passed.」和「The student who studied hard passed.」之間的差距。用得草率,就會帶入歧義、逗號錯誤,以及 Writing 上小但會累積的失分。
為什麼這在 TOEFL iBT 2026 很重要
TOEFL iBT 2026 的 Reading 文章充滿關係子句。一句學術句子常在主要動詞裡嵌兩三層關係子句。如果你誤判一個關係子句在修飾哪個名詞,整句就誤讀了——而推論題與細節題會立即懲罰這種誤讀。惡名昭彰的Read an Academic Passage 的改寫模式,本質上就是關係子句附著測驗:哪個改寫保留了原本的層次?
Writing 中,關係子句是強回答打包資訊的方式。一篇 130 字的 Academic Discussion 回答,如果用上兩個位置正確的 who 或 which 子句,會比同樣字數寫得短碎的回答聽起來更豐富。陷阱在於 that / which 與逗號用錯,會徹底改變意思——而評分者會注意到。
Speaking 中,口語的關係子句可以鬆一點不會被扣分,但完全不用會讓回答聽起來像是在念清單。一篇回答配上一個控制好的關係子句,就能展現文法廣度。
在 TOEFL 2026 Reading 的 Vocabulary-in-Context 題該怎麼解?中,包覆字詞的子句——常常就是關係子句——正是提供脈絡線索的地方。誤讀附著關係是 vocab 題答錯的一個隱藏原因。
陷阱
五個關係子句問題包辦了考試當天大部分的失分。
That vs. which(限定 vs. 非限定)。 限定子句指出「哪一個」——少了它句子就講不通。非限定子句添加額外資訊——句子拿掉它仍能成立。在正式美式英文中,that 是限定(不加逗號),which 是非限定(加逗號)。「The book that I borrowed is overdue」指出哪一本書。「The book, which I borrowed last week, is overdue」假設你已經知道是哪本書,並加上補充。混用會改變意思。
逗號位置。 關係子句裡逗號錯置比學習者以為的還嚴重。「My brother who lives in Berlin is a doctor」(無逗號)暗示你有多個兄弟,正在指出是哪一個。「My brother, who lives in Berlin, is a doctor」(加逗號)暗示你只有一個兄弟,並補充額外資訊。在 Reading 中,這些逗號就是辨識 vs. 描述的提示。
Who vs. whom。 Who 是關係子句的主詞;whom 是受詞。「The professor who teaches the course」——who 是教課的人。「The professor whom we met yesterday」——whom 是 met 的受詞。口語英文大致已經放棄 whom,但它仍會出現在 Reading 文章中,並有時是 sentence simplification 題的正解。在時間壓力下寫錯沒什麼大礙;讀錯就會失分。
Whose。 Whose 表示所屬,人與物都可以用。「The author whose book won the prize」(人)。「The theory whose implications surprised everyone」(物)。許多學習者用「the theory of which the implications」這種彆扭的迂迴句替代 whose——文法沒錯,但更難讀,而且很少需要。
省略關係代名詞。 在非正式英文中,受詞關係代名詞經常被省略:「The book I borrowed is overdue」(而不是「The book that I borrowed」)。在 Writing 中可以接受,但主詞關係代名詞不能省略:「The book that is on the table」不能改成「The book is on the table」而不徹底改變意思。把主詞 vs. 受詞省略搞混,是 Write for an Academic Discussion 中反覆出現的漏洞。
句子層級 vs. 子句層級的 which。 用 which 指涉整句前文——「The professor extended the deadline, which made everyone happy」——在口語英文常見,但在正式 Writing 被視為鬆散。較安全的做法是給 which 一個明確的名詞先行詞:「The professor extended the deadline — a decision that made everyone happy.」
Wrong / Better / Why
| Wrong | Better | 為什麼 |
|---|---|---|
| The book which I borrowed is overdue. | The book that I borrowed is overdue. | 限定子句(指出是「哪一本」書)在正式美式英文用 that。 |
| My brother who lives in Berlin is a doctor, and my brother who lives in Tokyo is an engineer. | My brother who lives in Berlin is a doctor; my brother who lives in Tokyo is an engineer. | 沒有逗號的 who 子句是在辨識哪個兄弟——適用於有多個兄弟時。 |
| The article, that the professor recommended, was excellent. | The article that the professor recommended was excellent. | 限定的 that 子句永遠不加逗號。 |
| The professor whom teaches the course is famous. | The professor who teaches the course is famous. | Who 是關係動詞 teaches 的主詞——whom 在此是錯的。 |
| The student which forgot her notes was upset. | The student who forgot her notes was upset. | 指人要用 who,不是 which。 |
| The theory of which the implications are clear is important. | The theory whose implications are clear is important. | Whose 可以用於物,不只是人,而且讀起來更自然。 |
| He missed the deadline which his teacher was disappointed. | He missed the deadline, which disappointed his teacher. | 句子層級的 which 需要明確指涉與正確動詞。 |
| The library that is on the corner that I visit often is small. | The library on the corner, which I visit often, is small. | 兩個關係子句疊在一起太重——把其中一個簡化成介系詞片語。 |
哪裡會出現
Read an Academic Passage 的改寫模式。 四個選項改寫一個複雜原句。其中三個會悄悄打亂哪個子句修飾哪個名詞。正解保留原句的關係子句附著。仔細閱讀 that、which 與 who 就是整個解題技巧。
Write for an Academic Discussion。 摘要講者的論點通常需要一個關係子句:「The lecturer described a method that…」或「The reading mentioned a theory which…」。挑對代名詞與逗號型態就傳達了你的理解。
Academic Discussion。 強回答會引用先前的學生:「Emma's argument, which focuses on cost…」或「Carlos's example, who works at a tech firm…」等等——who 指的是 Carlos,不是他的 example。關係代名詞誤附是一個小但顯眼的失誤。
Take an Interview。 口語回答容許鬆散的 which 子句,但一個自信的 whose 或 who 能展現文法廣度。
Fast Fix
三個快速檢查能抓到幾乎所有關係子句錯誤。
第一,判斷子句是辨識性還是描述性的。如果你可以刪掉子句,主句仍能在不失去關鍵辨識的情況下成立,那這個子句是描述性的——用 which(人用 who)加逗號。如果刪掉子句,名詞在脈絡中就無法辨認,那子句是辨識性的——用 that(人用 who),不加逗號。
第二,檢查誰在做關係動詞的動作。如果被描述的名詞是動作者,用主詞形式:人用 who,物用 that 或 which。如果被描述的名詞是動作的承受者,可以用受詞形式(或整個省略):whom、that、which 或零。
第三,避免在同一個名詞上疊兩個關係子句。如果你發現自己寫出「The book that I borrowed which is overdue is on the table」,把它拆開:「The book that I borrowed is on the table, and it is overdue.」兩個短句比一個過重的長句好讀。
小練習
- 視情況加上或拿掉逗號:The professor who teaches advanced statistics is famous in her field.(假設寫作者只有一位統計學教授。)
- 選 that 或 which:The lecture (that / which) we attended yesterday was the most useful one this semester.
- 修好代名詞:The author which wrote the book is giving a lecture next week.
- 把其中一個關係子句簡化成片語:The library that is on the corner that I visit often is small.
- 用 whose 取代彆扭的迂迴句:The article, of which the conclusion was controversial, sparked debate.
可能的改進版本:(1) The professor, who teaches advanced statistics, is famous in her field.(加逗號,因為她是唯一一位這樣的教授)。(2) The lecture that we attended yesterday was the most useful one this semester.(限定)。(3) The author who wrote the book is giving a lecture next week. (4) The library on the corner, which I visit often, is small. (5) The article, whose conclusion was controversial, sparked debate.
送出前要檢查什麼
在最後六十秒,掃描回答中所有的 that、which、who、whom 與 whose。對每一個問:這個子句是在辨識我在說哪個名詞(限定,不加逗號),還是在補充額外資訊(非限定,加逗號)?確認 who 指人、which 指物——把這兩個搞混是常見的初階失誤。確保沒有一句疊兩個關係子句在同一個名詞上;如果有,拆開。乾淨的關係子句層次能讓 Writing 聽起來有層次且受控——正是評分者獎勵的質地。
