TOEFL 寫作與口說的介系詞陷阱

TOEFL 寫作與口說的介系詞陷阱

一位學生最後一次讀自己寫的 Academic Discussion 回覆。"I agree to my classmate's point because the success of the policy depends from how strictly it is enforced. Different from what some people think, the issue is similar with the one we discussed last week." 兩句裡三個介系詞錯誤——10 分鐘寫作計時只剩 45 秒。

介系詞是英文裡最小的字,卻最有力量讓一句話聽起來不對勁。Depend on. Focus on. Agree with. Interested in. Similar to. Different from. 每一個搭配都是固定的。通常沒有什麼邏輯理由說明為何動詞搭這個介系詞而不是別的。它們就是這樣,英文使用者把它們當作整組學起來。

在 TOEFL 上,介系詞造成兩個問題。第一,動詞—介系詞搭配只能靠記——沒有規則能讓你推出來。第二,時間和地點介系詞(in, on, at, by, until, for, since)遵循「軟規則」並有真實例外,而軟規則在時間壓力下會崩盤。

這篇文章給你 TOEFL 寫作與口說中 CP 值最高的介系詞搭配,以及最常出現的時間和地點陷阱。

為什麼這在 TOEFL iBT 2026 很重要

介系詞是高頻錯誤類型。在介系詞上吃力的考生,會在單一寫作任務中犯六、七個小錯誤。每個錯都小。合起來,就向評分員傳達「語言使用不平均」。

口說裡,介系詞非常顯眼。"I'm interested at this topic" 對任何英文耳朵都不對。"I'm interested in this topic" 才自然。替換很小,印象很大。

寫作裡,尤其是正式寫作,介系詞影響清晰度。"The success depends from training" 文法上錯——即使評分員猜得到意思,那個錯誤會讓讀者停一下。一篇有多個介系詞錯誤的回覆,會讀得很累。

閱讀裡,介系詞有時承載著被干擾項利用的意義。"The policy was supported by the committee"(主動執行者)對上 "The policy was supported until the committee changed"(時間期限)——兩個截然不同的陳述。

陷阱

介系詞陷阱有三種。

1. 動詞—介系詞搭配。 這些是必須記下來的固定組合。TOEFL 寫作中 CP 值最高的搭配:

  • depend on, rely on, count on, base X on Y
  • focus on, concentrate on, work on
  • agree with(某人)、agree on(某個計畫或主題)、agree to(某項提案)
  • different from(美式學術標準)、similar to
  • interested in, involved in, succeed in, participate in
  • aware of, afraid of, capable of, consist of
  • responsible for, suitable for, famous for

2. 時間介系詞(in, on, at, by, until, for, since)。 軟規則:

  • In + 月份、年份、季節、世紀、長時段。In March. In 2026. In the past.
  • On + 特定的一天或日期。On Monday. On May 26.
  • At + 時鐘時間、特定的點。At 3 p.m. At noon. At the moment.
  • By + 截止點(動作在此前完成)。Finish by Friday.
  • Until + 停止點(動作持續到此點)。Work until Friday.
  • For + 持續時間。For three years.
  • Since + 起始點。Since 2020.

3. 地點介系詞(in, on, at, between, among)。 軟規則:

  • In + 封閉空間或大區域。In the room. In the city.
  • On + 表面或線。On the table. On the road.
  • At + 特定點或地址。At the entrance. At 25 Main Street.
  • Between + 兩個不同的實體,或多個但被視為配對/離散單位。Between you and me. The contract between three companies.
  • Among + 兩個以上,視為一個群體。Popular among students.

Wrong / Better / Why

Wrong Better 為什麼
I depend of my notes during lectures. I depend on my notes during lectures. "Depend on" 是英文裡固定的動詞—介系詞搭配。
I'm really interested at this research area. I'm really interested in this research area. "Interested in" 是標準搭配。
The findings are different than previous studies. The findings are different from previous studies. 美式學術英文偏好 "different from"。"Different than" 出現在非正式用法,正式寫作有風險。
I agree with her proposal to extend the deadline.(可接受但有歧義) I agree to her proposal to extend the deadline. "Agree with 某人"、"agree on 某主題"、"agree to 某提案"。
The professor will share results in the past lecture. The professor will share results in Monday's lecture.(或:shared them in the past "On the past" 不存在。"In the past" 是表「以前」的固定片語。
Submit your application until Friday. Submit your application by Friday. "By" = 在此點之前。"Until" = 一直持續到此點。
The agreement between the five companies took years to negotiate. The agreement among the five companies took years to negotiate.(或:between,若視為分離的配對) "Among" 用於兩個以上的群體。"Between" 用於兩個,或視為離散配對的多個。

出現在哪裡

Academic Discussion 回覆。 意見句裡到處是介系詞搭配。"I agree with the professor's view. The success depends on consistent practice. I'm focused on the long-term benefits." 任一個搭配錯了,整篇回覆都讀起來粗糙。

Write an Email。 正式郵件用的是固定片語裡的介系詞,必須精確。"I am writing to inquire about the program."(不是 "for the program",不是 "of the program"。)"Thank you for your prompt response."(不是 "by your response"。)語體層面看 TOEFL 2026 寫作的電子郵件(Write an Email)該怎麼寫?

Take an Interview。 短訪談回答會不斷用到 "interested in"、"good at"、"different from"、"similar to"。在允許時間內回答時,介系詞很容易滑掉。"I'm good in math"(錯——應為 "good at math")。

Listen to a Conversation。 摘要學生對某政策的反應。"The student agrees with the policy"(是同意政策本身?還是同意提出政策的人?)。介系詞的選擇釐清是哪一個。

Write for an Academic Discussion。 報導動詞與學術討論片語都需要正確的介系詞。"The author argues against the position." "The lecture provides evidence for the opposing view." "The findings differ from previous research." 這些正是評分員預期會看到的句型——也正是介系詞錯誤會出現的地方。

Fast Fix

實用的介系詞控制做法:

  • 建立一份你實際會用的 20 個動詞—介系詞搭配清單。 不要去背 200 個的課本清單。挑你在 TOEFL 寫作中會用到的 20 個,把那些練到熟。範例:depend on、focus on、agree with、similar to、different from、interested in、aware of、responsible for。
  • 時間用「縮放」技巧錨定。 長時段 → in(in 2026、in March)。特定的一天 → on(on Monday)。時鐘點 → at(at 3 p.m.)。地點同理:國家/城市 → in,表面 → on,特定點 → at。
  • 截止與持續區分 "by" 和 "until"。 By = 在此之前完成。Until = 持續到此點。Finish by Friday 對上 Work until Friday
  • "since" 和 "for" 要看時態。 兩者都會帶現在完成式:I've lived here since 2020 / for five years.
  • 永遠不要寫 "on the past"。 它不存在。"In the past" 才是固定片語。

對沒把握的動詞—介系詞搭配,最安全的救援是改寫。與其冒險寫 "I'm responsible for handling the project,",可以寫 "I handle the project." 較乾淨、較安全,而且完全避開介系詞的決定。

Mini Practice

填入正確的介系詞。

  1. The results of this study are different _____ what previous researchers found.
  2. Please submit the assignment _____ Friday at noon.(截止;之前完成)
  3. The professor focuses _____ environmental policy in her current research.
  4. I am writing _____ inquire _____ the graduate program in linguistics.
  5. The disagreement _____ the three departments has lasted for years.

送出前要檢查的事

  • 掃描你用過的動詞—介系詞搭配。有沒有看起來「像從其他語言搬過來」的?再確認一次。
  • 正式寫作裡用的是 "different from" 而不是 "different than" 或 "different of" 嗎?
  • 截止用的是 "by"(之前完成)嗎?持續動作到某點用的是 "until" 嗎?
  • 有沒有寫到 "on the past"?換成 "in the past"。
  • 對群體,超過兩個用 "among",兩個(或群體中的離散配對)用 "between" 嗎?

最後一個提醒:英文介系詞多半是任意的。沒有讓人滿意的邏輯能解釋為何是 depend onconsist ofparticipate in。修法是接觸與重複,不是分析。建清單、練清單、寫作最後 30 秒檢查清單。這是整個 TOEFL 寫作 section 中送出前時間 CP 值最高的用法。