「Put」的多重面貌:Off、Up With、Down、Out
"Put" 聽起來像是世上最簡單的動詞——你把杯子 put 在桌上,事情就辦完了。然後有人說他們 "put off" 一場會議、"put up with" 一個吵鬧的鄰居、"put out" 一場火——這個簡單的動詞,竟揭露出一個出乎意料戲劇化的家族。讓我們來認識 "put" 的所有面貌。
快速解答
Put 的核心是「把某樣東西放在某處」。每一種片語版本都是「放」的某種變化——放在時間裡、放在壓力之下、放低、放到看不見的地方。Put off = 把它放到時間裡比較晚的位置(延後)。Put down = 把它放低(或貶低)。Put out = 把它放到外面,或熄滅。Put up with = 忍受被放到你身上的東西。把「放」記在心裡,這個家族就能保持井然有序。
核心概念
Put 是把某樣東西安放到一個位置。質詞接著替這個位置命名:off 把它移到比較晚或推開;down 把它放低、移除,或貶損它;out 把它送到外面或撲滅它;on 把它加到一個表面或身體上;up 把它升起或接待它;away 把它收到看不見的地方;through 把它接到另一端。想像一隻手安放著一樣物品,再看質詞把它送往哪裡。
自然範例
Put off
兩種意思,感覺非常不同:
- 延後。 "We put off the trip until the weather improves."
- 使人反感或退卻。 "His rude tone put me off completely." 這裡的意思是它讓你失去興趣或熱情。
Put up with
容忍或忍受某件不愉快的事。"I can't put up with this noise any longer." "She's put up with a lot from that team."
Put down
這一個有三種人生:
- 把某樣東西放在表面上。 "He put down his bag and sat."
- 批評或貶低。 "Stop putting yourself down — you did great."
- 以人道方式或用武力結束某樣東西。 "The old farm dog had to be put down."(也可以是:"Troops were sent to put down the rebellion.")
Put on
穿上,或加上。"Put on a coat; it's freezing." "She put on a brave face." 它也可以表示上演或製作:"The school put on a play."
Put out
兩個關鍵意思:
- 熄滅。 "Firefighters put out the blaze within an hour."
- 造成某人不便。 "I hope I'm not putting you out by staying the night."
Put away
把某樣東西放回原位,或吃下/喝下驚人的份量。"Put away your toys before dinner." "He can really put away a pizza."
Put through
以電話接通,或讓某人經歷一段過程。"Let me put you through to the manager." "They put her through a tough interview."
Put up
升起或搭建、接待某人,或展示。"They put up a new fence." "Can you put me up for the night?" "She put up the decorations early."
意思翻轉對照組
一個動詞、三個質詞、三種不同的情緒:
- "She put off the meeting."(延後了它)
- "She put up a guest for the meeting."(接待了他們)
- "She put down her notes before the meeting."(把它們放在桌上)
延後、接待、放下——全由質詞來掌舵。
常見錯誤
- "We put off to next week the meeting." → "We put off the meeting until next week." · 新的時間用 "until",並把受詞緊接在動詞後面。
- "I can't put up this noise." → "I can't put up with this noise." · 要忍受某件事,你需要完整的 "put up with"。
- "Firefighters put off the fire." → "Firefighters put out the fire." · 熄滅要用 "out",不是 "off"。
- "He put down of the box." → "He put down the box." · 不要多加 "of";down 已經能引導出受詞了。
考試陷阱
像 TOEIC 和 TOEFL 這類考試偏好 put off,因為它帶著兩個毫不相干的意思。一個考題句子可能寫成:"The smell of the old building really put her off." 只知道「延後」這個意思的人會卡住——這裡根本沒有事件可以延後。策略是:看後面接什麼。如果 "put off" 後面接的是一個事件或一個日期,它的意思是「延後」;如果後面接的是一個人(或 "me"、"her"、"him"),那它幾乎一定是「使人退卻」或「使人反感」。讓受詞告訴你哪個意思正在運作。
小練習
- They had to put _____ the picnic because of the rain. (postpone)
- I don't know how she puts _____ such a long commute. (tolerate)
- Please put _____ your shoes before we go. (wear)
- The campers put _____ the fire before sleeping. (extinguish)
- Can you put me _____ to the billing department? (connect by phone)
解答
- off——Put off 接在事件之前,意思是延後。
- up with——Put up with 意思是容忍。
- on——Put on 意思是穿上。
- out——Put out 意思是熄滅。
- through——Put through 意思是接通一通電話。
一句總結
| 片語動詞 | 常見意思 |
|---|---|
| put off | 延後 / 使人反感 |
| put up with | 容忍、忍受 |
| put down | 放下 / 批評 / 以人道方式結束 |
| put on | 穿上 / 上演 / 加上 |
| put out | 熄滅 / 造成不便 |
| put away | 收拾整理 / 大量吃喝 |
| put through | 接通電話 / 讓某人經歷 |
| put up | 搭建 / 接待 / 展示 |
把「放」擺在中心,"put" 的每一張面貌都能找到自己的位置。
