percent、percentage 與 percentage points:小字差一字,意思差很多

percent、percentage 與 percentage points:小字差一字,意思差很多

某位學生在描述圖表時這樣寫:「Unemployment increased by 5 percent, from 30 percent to 35 percent.」乍看似乎合理,算一下卻不對。從 30% 變到 35%,是上升 5 個 percentage points(百分點),不是上升 5 percent(百分之 5)。(30 的 5% 只有 1.5。)三個小小的字,意思卻完全不同。

為什麼這件事重要

圖表、問卷、新聞報導、商業電子郵件裡,到處都是百分比。當你在描述資料、在會議上講銷售數字時,用錯一個字,意思可能差很大。在意數字的讀者會立刻發現,一個不小心的用詞就會讓本來有自信的說話者顯得不確定。好消息是,規則其實很短,看懂模式之後就再也不會搞混了。

用法規則

percent(或符號 %)要搭配具體的數字使用。你會說「twenty-five percent」或寫「25%」。它就像一個附在數字後面的單位。

percentage 是一個一般性的名詞,不搭具體數字使用,常常會搭配 athesmalllargewhat 等字。你會說「a small percentage of students」或「what percentage of the budget」。

percentage point(或 percentage points)用來測量兩個百分比之間的算術差距。如果一個分數從 70% 上升到 75%,那是上升了 5 percentage points(5 個百分點),不是上升 5 percent。

三個簡單例子:

  • About 40 percent of customers responded.
  • Only a small percentage of customers responded.
  • Response rates rose from 30% to 40%, an increase of 10 percentage points.

錯誤/自然/為什麼

錯誤 自然 為什麼
Sales increased by 10 percent, from 20% to 30%. Sales increased by 10 percentage points, from 20% to 30%. 兩個百分比之間的差距要用 percentage points,不是 percent。
What percent of the class passed? What percentage of the class passed? 沒有具體數字時,要用 percentage
A small percent of users complained. A small percentage of users complained. 沒有數字,名詞形要用 percentage
The price increased to 15%. The price increased by 15%. by 表示變動的幅度;to 是指漲到 15% 這個值。
Twenty-five percents of the budget is gone. Twenty-five percent of the budget is gone. percent 在搭配數字時不加 -s。
The approval rating dropped by three percent. The approval rating dropped by three percentage points. 比較兩個百分比值時,要用 percentage points,才不會語意模糊。
Almost 80 percentage of the seats were filled. Almost 80 percent of the seats were filled. 帶具體數字時要用 percent,不是 percentage

常見情境

描述折線圖。 「The unemployment rate rose from 4% in January to 6% in June, an increase of two percentage points.」這裡用 percentage points 就清楚標示了「兩個百分比的差距」。

回報問卷結果。 「About 65 percent of respondents said they were satisfied. Only a small percentage gave a negative answer.」第一句有具體數字,所以用 percent;第二句是一般性敘述,所以用 percentage

討論考試分數。 「My reading score went up 8 percentage points, from 22 to 30 (out of 30).」如果說 8 percent,聽的人會疑惑:「是哪個數字的 8%?」

商務會議。 「Our market share grew from 12% to 18% last year — six percentage points of growth, which is roughly a 50 percent increase relative to where we started.」這句話兩種都用到了:絕對差距用 percentage points,相對變化用 percent。

讀新聞標題。 「Inflation eased by 0.3 percentage points.」財經記者對這個區別非常嚴謹,因為一個不小心的 percent 就可能誤導讀者。

選舉報導。 「The candidate's support climbed by four percentage points after the debate.」如果說 four percent,會被理解成相對上升 4%,那個幅度小得多。

常見錯誤

  • 比較兩個百分比時誤用 percent,應該用 percentage points
  • percent 加 -s 變 percentspercent 搭配任何數字時都不變化。
  • 混淆 bytoincreased by 10%(變動幅度是 10%)vs. increased to 10%(新的總值是 10%)。
  • percentage 後面忘了加 of:應該是「a percentage of the population」,不是「a percentage the population」。
  • percentage 搭配具體數字,應該說「30 percent」,不是「30 percentage」。
  • 把「rose 5 percent」和「rose 5 percentage points」當成圖表上的同一回事,它們幾乎不會相等。
  • percentage points 寫成「% point」這種類數學符號的寫法。要完整寫出 percentage points

小練習

填空,或修正句子。

  1. About 40 ______ of the survey responses came from Europe.
  2. A small ______ of students chose the elective course.
  3. The interest rate increased from 3% to 4.5%, a rise of 1.5 ______ ______.
  4. What ______ of your salary goes to rent?
  5. 修正:「The approval rating dropped by five percent, from 60% to 55%.」

總結

帶具體數字時用 percent,沒有數字的一般敘述用 percentage,比較兩個百分比的差距時用 percentage points。訣竅是先問自己:「我是要附在具體數字後?是一般性的敘述?還是在比較兩個比率?」搭配對的用字,你的資料描述就會精準又有自信。


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