percent、percentage 與 percentage points:小字差一字,意思差很多
某位學生在描述圖表時這樣寫:「Unemployment increased by 5 percent, from 30 percent to 35 percent.」乍看似乎合理,算一下卻不對。從 30% 變到 35%,是上升 5 個 percentage points(百分點),不是上升 5 percent(百分之 5)。(30 的 5% 只有 1.5。)三個小小的字,意思卻完全不同。
為什麼這件事重要
圖表、問卷、新聞報導、商業電子郵件裡,到處都是百分比。當你在描述資料、在會議上講銷售數字時,用錯一個字,意思可能差很大。在意數字的讀者會立刻發現,一個不小心的用詞就會讓本來有自信的說話者顯得不確定。好消息是,規則其實很短,看懂模式之後就再也不會搞混了。
用法規則
percent(或符號 %)要搭配具體的數字使用。你會說「twenty-five percent」或寫「25%」。它就像一個附在數字後面的單位。
percentage 是一個一般性的名詞,不搭具體數字使用,常常會搭配 a、the、small、large 或 what 等字。你會說「a small percentage of students」或「what percentage of the budget」。
percentage point(或 percentage points)用來測量兩個百分比之間的算術差距。如果一個分數從 70% 上升到 75%,那是上升了 5 percentage points(5 個百分點),不是上升 5 percent。
三個簡單例子:
- About 40 percent of customers responded.
- Only a small percentage of customers responded.
- Response rates rose from 30% to 40%, an increase of 10 percentage points.
錯誤/自然/為什麼
| 錯誤 | 自然 | 為什麼 |
|---|---|---|
| Sales increased by 10 percent, from 20% to 30%. | Sales increased by 10 percentage points, from 20% to 30%. | 兩個百分比之間的差距要用 percentage points,不是 percent。 |
| What percent of the class passed? | What percentage of the class passed? | 沒有具體數字時,要用 percentage。 |
| A small percent of users complained. | A small percentage of users complained. | 沒有數字,名詞形要用 percentage。 |
| The price increased to 15%. | The price increased by 15%. | by 表示變動的幅度;to 是指漲到 15% 這個值。 |
| Twenty-five percents of the budget is gone. | Twenty-five percent of the budget is gone. | percent 在搭配數字時不加 -s。 |
| The approval rating dropped by three percent. | The approval rating dropped by three percentage points. | 比較兩個百分比值時,要用 percentage points,才不會語意模糊。 |
| Almost 80 percentage of the seats were filled. | Almost 80 percent of the seats were filled. | 帶具體數字時要用 percent,不是 percentage。 |
常見情境
描述折線圖。 「The unemployment rate rose from 4% in January to 6% in June, an increase of two percentage points.」這裡用 percentage points 就清楚標示了「兩個百分比的差距」。
回報問卷結果。 「About 65 percent of respondents said they were satisfied. Only a small percentage gave a negative answer.」第一句有具體數字,所以用 percent;第二句是一般性敘述,所以用 percentage。
討論考試分數。 「My reading score went up 8 percentage points, from 22 to 30 (out of 30).」如果說 8 percent,聽的人會疑惑:「是哪個數字的 8%?」
商務會議。 「Our market share grew from 12% to 18% last year — six percentage points of growth, which is roughly a 50 percent increase relative to where we started.」這句話兩種都用到了:絕對差距用 percentage points,相對變化用 percent。
讀新聞標題。 「Inflation eased by 0.3 percentage points.」財經記者對這個區別非常嚴謹,因為一個不小心的 percent 就可能誤導讀者。
選舉報導。 「The candidate's support climbed by four percentage points after the debate.」如果說 four percent,會被理解成相對上升 4%,那個幅度小得多。
常見錯誤
- 比較兩個百分比時誤用 percent,應該用 percentage points。
- 把 percent 加 -s 變 percents。percent 搭配任何數字時都不變化。
- 混淆 by 和 to:increased by 10%(變動幅度是 10%)vs. increased to 10%(新的總值是 10%)。
- percentage 後面忘了加 of:應該是「a percentage of the population」,不是「a percentage the population」。
- 用 percentage 搭配具體數字,應該說「30 percent」,不是「30 percentage」。
- 把「rose 5 percent」和「rose 5 percentage points」當成圖表上的同一回事,它們幾乎不會相等。
- 把 percentage points 寫成「% point」這種類數學符號的寫法。要完整寫出 percentage points。
小練習
填空,或修正句子。
- About 40 ______ of the survey responses came from Europe.
- A small ______ of students chose the elective course.
- The interest rate increased from 3% to 4.5%, a rise of 1.5 ______ ______.
- What ______ of your salary goes to rent?
- 修正:「The approval rating dropped by five percent, from 60% to 55%.」
總結
帶具體數字時用 percent,沒有數字的一般敘述用 percentage,比較兩個百分比的差距時用 percentage points。訣竅是先問自己:「我是要附在具體數字後?是一般性的敘述?還是在比較兩個比率?」搭配對的用字,你的資料描述就會精準又有自信。
想用真實考題練習數字、量詞與單位嗎?到 ExamRift 開始練習.
