Subject-Verb Agreement: Peraturan Grammar Yang Bersembunyi Di Depan Mata

"The list of reasons are long" kedengaran hampir betul kerana reasons duduk betul-betul di sebelah verb dan kelihatan sangat meyakinkan. Tetapi subject bukan reasons. Subject ialah list. Jadi ayat itu sepatutnya: "The list of reasons is long."

Subject-verb agreement ialah peraturan bahawa verb mesti sepadan dengan subject sebenar, bukan noun terdekat, noun paling kuat, atau noun yang tiba lewat lalu mula melambai-lambai.

Jawapan Ringkas

Singular subject mengambil singular verb:

• The dog runs.
• She likes coffee.
• The plan is ready.

Plural subject mengambil plural verb:

• The dogs run.
• They like coffee.
• The plans are ready.

Dalam present simple tense, singular third-person subjects biasanya menambah -s atau -es pada verb: he works, she watches, it matters. Verb be mempunyai bentuk khas: am, is, are, was, were.

Bahagian susah bukan peraturan asasnya. Bahagian susah ialah mencari subject sebenar apabila perkataan lain berdiri di antara subject dan verb.

Pola

Pertama, kenal pasti subject. Kemudian tentukan sama ada singular atau plural. Kemudian pilih verb yang sepadan.

• The box is on the table.
• The boxes are on the table.
• The box of markers is on the table.
• The boxes of markers are on the table.

Frasa of markers menambah maklumat, tetapi ia tidak mengawal verb. Subject sebelum frasa of biasanya yang mengawalnya.

Abaikan Frasa Yang Mengganggu

Prepositional phrases sering mengalih perhatian mata:

• The price of the tickets is too high.
• The pages in the folder are missing.
• A group of students is waiting outside.
• Several groups of students are waiting outside.

Tanya: ayat ini sebenarnya tentang apa? The price is high. The pages are missing. A group is waiting. Several groups are waiting.

Perhatikan Compound Subjects

Dua subjects yang disambung dengan and biasanya mengambil plural verb:

• The laptop and the charger are on the desk.
• Reading and writing are useful skills.

Tetapi jika dua nouns menamakan satu idea gabungan, verb boleh menjadi singular:

• Peanut butter and jelly is my favorite sandwich filling.
• Research and development is a major expense for the company.

Makna mengawal agreement.

Or dan Nor Mengikut Subject Terdekat

Dengan or dan nor, verb sering sepadan dengan subject yang lebih dekat:

• Neither the students nor the teacher is ready.
• Neither the teacher nor the students are ready.
• Either the files or the folder is missing.
• Either the folder or the files are missing.

Pola ini boleh kedengaran janggal, jadi tulis semula jika boleh: "The teacher is not ready, and the students are not ready either."

Contoh Semula Jadi

Ayat Harian

• The keys are on the counter.
• My phone is in the car.
• The bag of clothes is by the door.
• The clothes in the bag are clean.

Perubahan kecil pada subject mengubah verb.

Work dan School

• The results are available online.
• The result of the survey is surprising.
• Each student receives a login code.
• Several students receive extra practice.

Each dan every biasanya membuat subject singular, walaupun maknanya terasa seperti ramai orang:

• Each applicant has two minutes.
• Every question matters.

There Is dan There Are

Dalam ayat yang bermula dengan there, subject datang selepas verb:

• There is a problem.
• There are three problems.
• There was a note on the door.
• There were several notes on the door.

Lihat selepas verb untuk mencari subject.

Collective Nouns

Perkataan seperti team, family, staff, dan committee boleh mengelirukan. Dalam banyak konteks standard, ia dianggap singular apabila kumpulan bertindak sebagai satu unit:

• The team is ready.
• The committee has made a decision.

Apabila fokusnya pada ahli individu, penulis mungkin memilih plural agreement dalam sesetengah varieties of English. Untuk general writing yang jelas, pilih satu pola dan kekal konsisten.

Numbers, Amounts, dan Fractions

Amounts boleh bertindak singular apabila ia menerangkan satu jumlah keseluruhan:

• Ten dollars is enough for lunch.
• Five minutes is all I need.
• Three kilometers is not far by bike.

Amount itu mungkin kelihatan plural, tetapi ayat melayannya sebagai satu unit wang, masa, atau jarak.

Fractions dan percentages bergantung pada noun yang mengikutinya:

• Half of the cake is gone.
• Half of the cookies are gone.
• Twenty percent of the budget is reserved.
• Twenty percent of the seats are reserved.

Agreement mengikut benda yang diukur.

Perangkap Biasa

Perangkap 1: Perangkap Noun Terdekat

"The box of cookies are empty" terasa menggoda kerana cookies plural. Tetapi subject ialah box. Katakan: "The box of cookies is empty."

Perangkap 2: Each dan Every

"Every student and teacher are invited" kedengaran mungkin kerana kumpulannya besar. Tetapi every membuat subject singular dalam standard grammar: "Every student and teacher is invited."

Perangkap 3: Indefinite Pronouns

Banyak indefinite pronouns ialah singular:

• Everyone is here.
• Someone has the answer.
• Nobody knows the code.
• Each is responsible for one part.

Sesetengahnya plural:

• Both are correct.
• Few understand the rule.
• Many have tried.

Sesetengah bergantung pada noun yang mengikutinya:

• Some of the cake is gone.
• Some of the cookies are gone.

Perangkap 4: Titles dan Names

Title boleh kelihatan plural tetapi bertindak singular:

• "Great Expectations" is a novel.
• The United States is often treated as singular in modern usage.
• Statistics is difficult for some students when it names a subject.

Tanya sama ada frasa itu satu title, satu country, atau satu field of study.

Perangkap 5: Subjects Panjang

Subjects yang panjang membuat verb terasa jauh:

• The new system for tracking applications across multiple departments is ready.

Subject ialah system, jadi verb ialah is.

Perangkap 6: The Number vs. A Number

The number of singular kerana ia menunjuk kepada satu jumlah keseluruhan:

• The number of visitors has increased.

A number of plural kerana ia bermaksud several:

• A number of visitors have asked the same question.

Dua frasa ini kelihatan hampir sama, tetapi article mengubah tugas grammar.

Rutin Editing Yang Cepat

Semasa editing, jangan baca ayat hanya dari kiri ke kanan. Bulatkan verb dahulu, kemudian tanya, "Who or what is doing this verb?" Bergerak ke belakang sehingga anda menemui subject sebenar. Silang keluar prepositional phrases seketika jika ia mengganggu.

• The folder of receipts from three trips is missing.

Verb ialah is. Apa yang missing? The folder. Frasa of receipts dan from three trips menambah butiran, tetapi tidak mengawal verb.

Rutin ini lambat pada mulanya, tetapi ia melatih mata anda untuk berhenti mempercayai noun terdekat. Itulah seluruh perjuangannya.

Salah / Lebih Baik / Mengapa

Latihan Mini

Pilih verb yang betul.

1. The stack of papers _____ on my chair. (is / are)
2. The papers in the stack _____ old. (is / are)
3. Each participant _____ a badge. (receive / receives)
4. There _____ two messages waiting. (is / are)
5. Neither the manager nor the employees _____ available. (is / are)
6. The schedule and the map _____ in the folder. (is / are)
7. Everyone _____ the same instructions. (has / have)
8. Some of the water _____ gone. (is / are)
9. Some of the cups _____ missing. (is / are)
10. The results of the test _____ surprising. (was / were)

Kunci Jawapan

1. is - Stack singular.
2. are - Papers plural.
3. receives - Each singular.
4. are - Messages plural.
5. are - Employees ialah subject yang lebih dekat.
6. are - Dua items disambung dengan and.
7. has - Everyone singular.
8. is - Water uncountable.
9. are - Cups plural.
10. were - Results plural.

Ringkasan Kecil

Cari subject sebenar sebelum memilih verb.

Abaikan frasa di antara subject dan verb.

Each, every, everyone, dan someone biasanya singular.

Dengan there is/are, lihat selepas verb untuk subject.

Agreement mudah apabila subject kelihatan. Cabarannya ialah tidak teralih perhatian.