Relative Clauses: Sambungan Ayat Yang Menjimatkan Perkataan

Bayangkan anda cuba menggambarkan kawan anda di cafe yang sesak: "She is the person. She is wearing a green jacket. She helped me study last week. She has the laptop with stickers." Itu berfungsi, tetapi kedengarannya seperti setiap ayat datang berasingan dan enggan duduk bersama.

Relative clauses membolehkan bahasa Inggeris menghubungkan idea-idea itu dengan lancar: "She is the person who helped me study last week." Satu ayat, kurang pengulangan, lebih banyak aliran.

Jawapan Ringkas

Relative clause memberi maklumat tambahan tentang noun. Ia biasanya bermula dengan relative word seperti who, which, that, where, atau when.

• The woman who called you is my manager.
• I found the notebook that I lost yesterday.
• This is the cafe where we met.
• Monday is the day when the new schedule begins.

Gunakan who untuk people, which untuk things atau animals, that untuk people atau things dalam banyak defining clauses, where untuk places, dan when untuk times.

Pola

Mulakan dengan noun, kemudian tambah clause yang mengenal pasti atau menerangkannya.

noun + relative word + extra information

• the student who asked the question
• the file that you uploaded
• the restaurant where we had lunch
• the year when everything changed

Ada dua jenis besar: defining dan non-defining.

Defining Relative Clauses

Defining clause memberitahu orang atau benda mana yang anda maksudkan. Tanpanya, ayat tidak lengkap atau terlalu kabur.

• The book that you recommended was excellent.
• People who sleep well often learn faster.
• The room where we met was too small.

Tiada koma digunakan kerana maklumat itu penting.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Non-defining clause menambah maklumat tambahan. Noun itu sudah jelas.

• My laptop, which I bought last year, is already full.
• Lena, who works in marketing, designed the poster.
• The library, where I study on weekends, closes at six.

Gunakan koma kerana clause itu tambahan. Jika anda membuangnya, main sentence masih berfungsi.

Penting: that biasanya tidak digunakan dalam non-defining clauses. Katakan "My laptop, which I bought last year," bukan "My laptop, that I bought last year."

Contoh Semula Jadi

People

• The teacher who explained the rule saved us twenty minutes.
• The friend that sent the link was right.
• Anyone who has tried this exercise knows it is harder than it looks.

Gunakan who apabila anda mahu rujukan manusia yang jelas. That juga biasa dalam defining clauses, terutama dalam pertuturan harian.

Things

• The app that tracks my habits is surprisingly honest.
• The chair which broke yesterday has been replaced.
• I read an article that changed how I plan my week.

Untuk things, that sangat biasa dalam defining clauses. Which juga betul dalam banyak keadaan, terutama dalam penulisan yang lebih formal.

Places

• This is the office where I had my first interview.
• I found a quiet corner where nobody was talking.
• The hotel where we stayed had a rooftop garden.

Where boleh menggantikan "in which" atau "at which" apabila noun ialah place.

Times

• Friday is the day when the results come out.
• I remember the moment when the lights went out.
• Summer is the season when the city feels slower.

When menghubungkan maklumat tambahan kepada time noun.

Meninggalkan Relative Word

Kadang-kadang anda boleh membuang who, which, atau that apabila ia menjadi object dalam clause:

• The movie that we watched was strange.

• The movie we watched was strange.

• The person who I called did not answer.

• The person I called did not answer.

Tetapi jangan buang jika ia menjadi subject:

• The person who called me was polite.
• Not: The person called me was polite.

Versi kedua itu kedengaran seperti orang tersebut memanggil anda polite, yang merupakan cerita berbeza.

Which atau That?

Dalam everyday defining clauses, that sering menjadi pilihan mudah untuk things:

• The file that I downloaded is corrupted.
• The idea that changed my mind was surprisingly simple.

Which juga biasa untuk things, terutama apabila clause menambah maklumat tambahan:

• The file, which I downloaded this morning, is corrupted.
• The idea, which sounded strange at first, worked well.

Jika anda mahu peraturan praktikal, gunakan that apabila clause itu essential dan tiada koma. Gunakan which apabila clause itu extra dan ada koma. Peraturan ini akan memastikan kebanyakan penulisan bersih, walaupun penggunaan sebenar ada sedikit kelonggaran.

Ujian Dua Ayat

Cara baik untuk membina relative clause ialah bermula dengan dua ayat mudah:

• I met a designer. The designer built this app.

• I met a designer who built this app.

• We visited a town. The town has no traffic lights.

• We visited a town that has no traffic lights.

Jika ayat kedua mengulang noun daripada ayat pertama, noun yang diulang itu ialah tempat relative word masuk. Ini memastikan clause melekat pada noun yang betul dan membantu anda mengelakkan pronoun tambahan seperti "the app that I downloaded it."

Perangkap Biasa

Perangkap 1: Menggunakan Which Untuk People

"The woman which helped me" kedengaran salah. Gunakan who atau that: "The woman who helped me" atau "The woman that helped me."

Perangkap 2: Terlupa Koma

Bandingkan:

• My brother who lives in Boston is visiting. Ini mencadangkan saya mungkin ada lebih daripada satu brother, dan saya maksudkan yang tinggal di Boston.
• My brother, who lives in Boston, is visiting. Ini mengatakan saya ada seorang brother, dan butiran tambahan: dia tinggal di Boston.

Koma boleh mengubah makna.

Perangkap 3: Menggunakan That Selepas Koma

Gunakan which atau who dalam non-defining clauses:

• The camera, which was expensive, broke after a week.
• The speaker, who arrived late, apologized.

Perangkap 4: Menambah Pronouns Berlebihan

"The book that I bought it was expensive" mempunyai satu pronoun terlalu banyak. Relative word sudah menghubungkan object itu. Katakan "The book that I bought was expensive."

Perangkap 5: Mengelirukan Where Dengan Which

Gunakan where apabila noun ialah place dan clause bermaksud "in/at that place." Gunakan which apabila place noun melakukan tugas lain.

• The cafe where we met is closed.
• The cafe which opened last year is closed.

Perangkap 6: Membuat Clause Terlalu Jauh Daripada Noun

Pastikan relative clause dekat dengan noun yang diterangkannya. "I found a notebook in the drawer that had a red cover" boleh kedengaran seolah-olah drawer itu mempunyai cover merah. Lebih baik: "I found a notebook that had a red cover in the drawer." Jika ayat masih terasa penuh, pecahkan kepada dua ayat. Penulisan lancar lebih penting daripada memaksa semua butiran ke dalam satu rantai panjang.

Salah / Lebih Baik / Mengapa

Latihan Mini

Pilih relative word terbaik: who, which, that, where, atau when.

1. The student _____ won the prize looked shocked.
2. This is the park _____ we play tennis.
3. I found the keys _____ I lost yesterday.
4. My tablet, _____ I use for reading, needs charging.
5. Saturday is the day _____ we clean the apartment.
6. The article _____ explained the issue was very clear.
7. The manager, _____ joined last month, is leading the project.
8. The restaurant _____ opened downtown is already popular.

Kunci Jawapan

1. who atau that - Seseorang sedang dikenal pasti.
2. where - Clause merujuk kepada place.
3. that atau tiada relative word - Keys ialah object dalam clause.
4. which - Non-defining clause tentang thing.
5. when - Noun ialah time.
6. that atau which - Thing sedang dikenal pasti.
7. who - Non-defining clause tentang person.
8. that atau which - Restaurant ialah subject dalam relative clause.

Ringkasan Kecil

Relative clauses menambah maklumat kepada nouns.

Gunakan who untuk people, which untuk things, where untuk places, dan when untuk times.

Gunakan that dalam banyak defining clauses, tetapi bukan selepas koma.

Koma bermaksud clause itu tambahan.

Relative clauses menjimatkan perkataan dengan menghubungkan idea yang memang patut bersama.