If I Were Rich: Conditionals Tanpa Sakit Kepala

"If I win the lottery, I will buy a house." Mudah. Penuh harapan. Mungkin tidak realistik, tetapi tatabahasanya kemas.

"If I won the lottery, I would buy a house." Juga betul, tetapi sekarang ayat itu memakai cermin mata hitam dan merenung jauh. Rasanya kurang mungkin, lebih imaginatif.

"If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a house." Sekarang loteri sudah tamat, tiket itu sedih, dan rumah itu kekal teori.

Conditionals ialah cara bahasa Inggeris bercakap tentang sebab, kemungkinan, imaginasi, penyesalan, nasihat, dan alam kecil alternatif yang kita bawa sepanjang hari. Ia kelihatan rumit kerana bentuk kata kerja berubah. Tetapi setiap perubahan ada tujuan.

Jawapan Ringkas

Ayat conditional biasanya mempunyai dua bahagian:

• if clause: syarat
• main clause: hasil

Contoh:

• If it rains, we will stay inside.

If it rains ialah syarat. We will stay inside ialah hasil.

Corak paling biasa ialah:

Anda tidak perlu menghafal namanya dahulu. Mulakan dengan tahap realiti: fakta, kemungkinan nyata, imaginasi, penyesalan, atau hasil campuran.

Coraknya

Conditionals tidak rawak. Ia mesin jarak.

Semakin tidak nyata sesuatu situasi terasa, semakin kata kerja bergerak ke belakang.

• Real present/future: If I have time, I will help.
• Imaginary present/future: If I had time, I would help.
• Imaginary past: If I had had time, I would have helped.

Perhatikan bahawa bentuk "past" tidak selalu bermaksud masa lampau. Dalam second conditional, had sering menandakan jarak daripada realiti.

• If I were taller, I would reach the shelf.

Penutur tidak berkata "Saya lebih tinggi semalam." Mereka membayangkan present yang berbeza.

Untuk be, ramai penutur yang berhati-hati menggunakan were untuk semua subjek dalam imaginary conditionals:

• If I were rich, I would travel more.
• If she were here, she would know what to do.

Dalam pertuturan santai, anda mungkin mendengar was, terutama dengan I atau he/she/it. Tetapi were lebih selamat dalam penulisan formal dan ujian.

Satu tabiat berguna ialah memisahkan masa daripada realiti. Kata kerja yang kelihatan seperti past dalam if clause mungkin menunjukkan masa lampau, tetapi mungkin juga menunjukkan jarak daripada realiti. Dalam If I had a car, kata kerja had tidak menceritakan kisah lampau. Ia membayangkan present yang berbeza. Dalam If I had had a car yesterday, tambahan had menolak syarat itu ke dalam past yang tidak nyata. Bentuk berubah kerana dunia imaginasi bergerak lebih jauh.

Contoh Semula Jadi

Zero conditional: fakta dan peraturan

Gunakan zero conditional untuk perkara yang secara umum benar.

• If water freezes, it expands.
• If you press this button, the screen turns on.
• If employees miss the deadline, the system sends a reminder.
• If I skip breakfast, I get hungry by ten.

Corak:

If + present, present

Ini bukan tentang satu peristiwa future khas. Ia peraturan, tabiat, atau hasil yang boleh dipercayai.

First conditional: kemungkinan future yang nyata

Gunakan first conditional untuk situasi future yang realistik.

• If it rains tomorrow, we will move the picnic indoors.
• If the client approves the draft, we will publish it Friday.
• If you finish early, you can leave early.
• If I see her, I will ask.

Corak:

If + present, will / can / may / might + verb

Penting: if clause menggunakan present tense walaupun maknanya future.

• If I will see her, I will ask.
• If I see her, I will ask.

Second conditional: present imaginasi atau future yang kurang mungkin

Gunakan second conditional untuk situasi imaginasi, kurang mungkin, atau mustahil.

• If I had more time, I would exercise more.
• If we owned a bigger office, we could host the event here.
• If the app were faster, more people would use it.
• If I found a wallet on the street, I would take it to the front desk.

Corak:

If + past, would / could / might + verb

Corak ini juga sangat baik untuk nasihat:

• If I were you, I would ask for clarification.

Maksudnya "Dalam situasi anda, nasihat saya ialah..."

Third conditional: past imaginasi

Gunakan third conditional untuk situasi lampau yang tidak berlaku, dan hasil yang dibayangkan.

• If I had studied more, I would have passed.
• If they had left earlier, they would not have missed the train.
• If we had checked the address, we would have found the building faster.
• If she had saved the file, she would not have lost the draft.

Corak:

If + past perfect, would / could / might have + past participle

Ini tatabahasa penyesalan, kelegaan, kritikan, dan kerja detektif.

Mixed conditional: sebab past, hasil present

Kadang-kadang peristiwa lampau mempengaruhi masa kini.

• If I had gone to bed earlier, I would not be so tired now.
• If he had taken the job, he would live in another city now.
• If we had invested in better tools, the team would be faster today.

Corak:

If + past perfect, would + verb

Syaratnya past. Hasilnya present.

Anda juga boleh membalikkan susunan ayat tanpa mengubah makna:

• I would not be so tired now if I had gone to bed earlier.
• The team would be faster today if we had invested in better tools.

Koma biasanya muncul apabila if clause datang dahulu. Apabila hasil datang dahulu, koma biasanya hilang. Tatabahasa sama; hanya laluan melalui ayat yang berubah.

Perangkap Lazim

Perangkap 1: Menggunakan will dalam if clause

Untuk first conditionals biasa, jangan gunakan will selepas if.

• If it will rain, we will stay home.
• If it rains, we will stay home.

Ada kes khas apabila will bermaksud kesediaan, tetapi untuk syarat future asas, gunakan present tense.

Perangkap 2: Menganggap second conditional sebagai past biasa

• If I had a car, I would drive there.

Ini tidak semestinya bermaksud masa lampau. Biasanya ia bermaksud "Saya tidak mempunyai kereta sekarang" atau "Saya sedang membayangkan memiliki kereta."

Perangkap 3: Melupakan have dalam third conditional

• If I had known, I would called you.
• If I had known, I would have called you.

Selepas would have, gunakan past participle.

Perangkap 4: Mencampur bentuk real dan unreal

• If I win, I would celebrate.

Ini mencampurkan first dan second conditional. Pilih tahap realiti:

• If I win, I will celebrate.
• If I won, I would celebrate.

Perangkap 5: Menganggap if mesti datang dahulu

Hasil boleh datang dahulu:

• We will stay inside if it rains.
• I would travel more if I had more money.

Apabila if clause datang kedua, biasanya tiada koma.

Salah / Lebih Baik / Mengapa

Latihan Mini

Pilih bentuk terbaik.

1. If I _____ the password, I will log in.
   a. know
   b. will know
   c. knew

2. If she _____ more free time, she would join us.
   a. has
   b. had
   c. will have

3. If we had booked earlier, we _____ better seats.
   a. would get
   b. will get
   c. would have gotten

4. If the printer _____ paper, it stops automatically.
   a. runs out of
   b. will run out of
   c. had run out of

5. If I had taken a break, I _____ so tired now.
   a. would not be
   b. would not have been
   c. will not be

6. If I were you, I _____ the instructions again.
   a. read
   b. will read
   c. would read

Kunci Jawapan

1. a. know - Syarat future yang nyata menggunakan present tense dalam if clause.
2. b. had - Ini situasi present imaginasi.
3. c. would have gotten - Ini hasil past yang tidak nyata.
4. a. runs out of - Ini peraturan umum, jadi gunakan zero conditional.
5. a. would not be - Syarat past, hasil present: mixed conditional.
6. c. would read - Nasihat dengan "If I were you" mengambil would + verb.

Ringkasan Kecil

Conditionals ialah tetapan realiti. Zero conditional memberi peraturan. First conditional bercakap tentang kemungkinan future yang nyata. Second conditional membayangkan present berbeza atau future yang kurang mungkin. Third conditional membayangkan past yang berbeza. Mixed conditional menghubungkan past yang berbeza dengan present yang berbeza. Apabila situasi menjadi kurang nyata, kata kerja biasanya bergerak satu langkah lebih jauh. Itu bukan huru-hara. Itu bahasa Inggeris membuka pintu dengan sopan kepada versi peristiwa yang lain.