Reported Speech: Bagaimana Kalimat Berubah Saat Mengutip Ucapan Orang Lain

Temanmu berkata, "I am leaving now." Sepuluh menit kemudian, seseorang bertanya apa yang terjadi. Kamu bisa mengulang kata-kata persisnya dengan akurasi dramatis, atau kamu bisa melaporkan pesannya: "She said she was leaving then." Tiba-tiba kalimat itu berganti pakaian. I menjadi she. am menjadi was. now menjadi then.

Reported speech adalah cara bahasa Inggris menceritakan kembali apa yang seseorang katakan, tanyakan, janjikan, peringatkan, atau jelaskan. Kata-katanya sering berubah karena pembicara, waktu, dan situasinya sudah berubah.

Quick Answer

Direct speech memberikan kata-kata persis:

• Maya said, "I am tired."
• He asked, "Where is the file?"
• They said, "We will call tomorrow."

Reported speech memberikan makna:

• Maya said that she was tired.
• He asked where the file was.
• They said that they would call the next day.

Perubahan utama biasanya melibatkan pronoun, verb tense, time words, dan word order dalam pertanyaan.

The Pattern

Statements

Gunakan reporting verb seperti said, told, explained, mentioned, atau promised. Lalu laporkan pesannya.

• "I need help." -> She said that she needed help.
• "We are ready." -> They said that they were ready.
• "He has left." -> She said that he had left.

Kata that opsional dalam banyak kalimat sehari-hari:

• She said she needed help.
• They said they were ready.

Tense Shifts

Saat reporting verb berada dalam bentuk lampau, verba yang dilaporkan sering mundur satu langkah.

Contoh:

• "I am busy." -> He said he was busy.
• "She works here." -> He said she worked there.
• "We finished early." -> They said they had finished early.
• "I will help." -> She said she would help.

Jika informasi yang dilaporkan masih benar, tense shift bisa opsional:

• "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius." -> The teacher said water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
• "I live on Oak Street." -> He said he lives on Oak Street. Ini bisa dipakai jika ia masih tinggal di sana.

Pronouns and Possessives

Pronoun berubah berdasarkan siapa yang berbicara sekarang.

• "I lost my keys," Ana said.

• Ana said that she had lost her keys.

• "We finished our part," the team said.

• The team said that they had finished their part.

Jangan mengubah pronoun secara mekanis. Ubah berdasarkan makna.

Time and Place Words

Kata seperti now, today, dan here mungkin perlu berpindah karena laporan terjadi nanti atau di tempat lain.

Contoh:

• "I will call tomorrow." -> She said she would call the next day.
• "We met here yesterday." -> They said they had met there the day before.

Jika waktu dan tempatnya masih sama, kamu boleh mempertahankan kata asli. Konteks yang menentukan.

Natural Examples

Everyday Updates

• "I am running late." -> He said he was running late.
• "The train is full." -> She said the train was full.
• "We cannot join tonight." -> They said they could not join that night.

Reported speech berguna karena hidup sebagian besar berisi orang mengulang kabar dari orang lain.

Work and Study

• "The deadline has changed." -> The manager said the deadline had changed.
• "You need to upload the file." -> The teacher told us to upload the file.
• "We will review the results." -> The team said they would review the results.

Perhatikan said dan told. Gunakan told dengan orang: "She told me." Gunakan said tanpa objek yang wajib: "She said that..."

Questions

Reported questions tidak memakai urutan kata pertanyaan.

• "Where is the office?" -> He asked where the office was.
• "Do you need help?" -> She asked if I needed help.
• "Can they join us?" -> He asked whether they could join us.

Tidak perlu tanda tanya kecuali seluruh kalimatnya adalah pertanyaan:

• He asked where the office was.
• Did he ask where the office was?

Requests and Commands

Gunakan told/asked + person + to + verb.

• "Please wait outside." -> She asked us to wait outside.
• "Do not open the door." -> He told me not to open the door.
• "Send the form by Friday." -> They told us to send the form by Friday.

Pola ini lebih bersih daripada mencoba menggeser setiap kata.

Reporting Verbs Add Attitude

Kamu tidak harus memakai said terus-menerus. Reporting verb yang berbeda menunjukkan bagaimana pesan disampaikan:

• She explained that the form was optional.
• He warned us that the road was icy.
• They promised they would send an update.
• I mentioned that the link was broken.
• The guide recommended arriving early.

Pilih verba ini dengan hati-hati. Warned lebih kuat daripada said. Promised menciptakan tanggung jawab. Mentioned membuat pesan terdengar santai. Reported speech bukan hanya tentang pergeseran grammar; ia juga membantumu menunjukkan tujuan pembicara.

Beberapa reporting verb punya pola khusus:

• He apologized for being late.
• She suggested taking a break.
• They advised us to save a copy.

Reporting verb bisa mengendalikan grammar setelahnya, sama seperti pola verba lainnya.

The Camera-Move Idea

Reported speech lebih mudah jika kamu membayangkan kamera bergerak. Direct speech difilmkan dari posisi pembicara asli: I, here, now. Reported speech difilmkan dari posisi pelapor, sering kali lebih nanti dan di tempat lain: she, there, then.

Itulah mengapa perubahannya tidak acak. Kamu tidak menerjemahkan kata demi kata. Kamu membangun ulang kalimat dari sudut pandang baru.

• Direct: "I left my bag here."
• Reported later: She said she had left her bag there.

Tasnya tidak berpindah karena grammar. Kameranya yang berpindah.

Common Traps

Trap 1: Keeping Question Word Order

"He asked where was the file" terdengar salah dalam reported speech. Gunakan urutan pernyataan: "He asked where the file was."

Trap 2: Using Said With an Object Directly

"She said me the answer" tidak alami. Gunakan "She told me the answer" atau "She said the answer."

Trap 3: Shifting Tense When You Do Not Need To

Jika sesuatu masih benar, tense asli bisa tetap:

• The guide said the museum opens at ten.

Ini sangat umum untuk fakta, jadwal, dan kebenaran saat ini.

Trap 4: Forgetting Pronouns

"Tom said I lost my wallet" berarti pembicara sekarang yang kehilangan dompet. Jika Tom yang kehilangan, katakan "Tom said he had lost his wallet."

Trap 5: Overusing That

That benar, tetapi tidak selalu perlu. "She said that she was tired" dan "She said she was tired" keduanya baik dalam bahasa Inggris sehari-hari.

Trap 6: Backshifting Everything Automatically

Backshift umum setelah past reporting verbs, tetapi bukan mesin yang wajib mengubah setiap verba. Fakta, kebenaran saat ini, dan jadwal yang masih berlaku bisa tetap dalam present. "The instructor said the test begins at nine" alami jika tes itu memang masih mulai jam sembilan. Jika waktunya sudah lewat atau pembicara ingin memberi jarak, "began" bisa cocok. Konteks yang menentukan.

Wrong / Better / Why

Mini Practice

Tulis ulang setiap kalimat sebagai reported speech.

1. Ben said, "I am hungry."
2. The students said, "We finished the task."
3. Lina asked, "Where is my notebook?"
4. The sign said, "Do not enter."
5. He said, "I will call tomorrow."
6. They asked, "Can we sit here?"
7. Nora said, "I have seen this movie."
8. The coach said, "Practice starts at seven."

Answer Key

1. Ben said that he was hungry.
2. The students said that they had finished the task.
3. Lina asked where her notebook was.
4. The sign said not to enter. / The sign told people not to enter.
5. He said that he would call the next day.
6. They asked if they could sit there.
7. Nora said that she had seen that movie.
8. The coach said that practice starts at seven. Karena ini mungkin masih berupa jadwal, present tense boleh tetap.

Tiny Summary

Reported speech menceritakan kembali makna, bukan selalu kata persis.

Ubah pronoun berdasarkan siapa yang berbicara sekarang.

Past reporting verbs sering mendorong tense mundur satu langkah.

Reported questions memakai urutan kata pernyataan.

Gunakan told/asked + person + to + verb untuk permintaan dan perintah.