Relative Clauses: Tambahan Kalimat yang Menghemat Kata
Bayangkan kamu mencoba mendeskripsikan temanmu di kafe yang ramai: "She is the person. She is wearing a green jacket. She helped me study last week. She has the laptop with stickers." Itu berhasil, tetapi terdengar seperti setiap kalimat datang sendiri-sendiri dan menolak duduk bersama.
Relative clauses membuat bahasa Inggris menghubungkan ide-ide itu dengan mulus: "She is the person who helped me study last week." Satu kalimat, lebih sedikit pengulangan, alur lebih lancar.
Quick Answer
Relative clause memberi informasi tambahan tentang nomina. Biasanya dimulai dengan relative word seperti who, which, that, where, atau when.
- The woman who called you is my manager.
- I found the notebook that I lost yesterday.
- This is the cafe where we met.
- Monday is the day when the new schedule begins.
Gunakan who untuk orang, which untuk benda atau hewan, that untuk orang atau benda dalam banyak defining clauses, where untuk tempat, dan when untuk waktu.
The Pattern
Mulailah dengan nomina, lalu tambahkan klausa yang mengidentifikasi atau mendeskripsikannya.
noun + relative word + extra information
- the student who asked the question
- the file that you uploaded
- the restaurant where we had lunch
- the year when everything changed
Ada dua jenis besar: defining dan non-defining.
Defining Relative Clauses
Defining clause memberi tahu kita orang atau benda yang mana yang kamu maksud. Tanpanya, kalimat menjadi tidak lengkap atau terlalu samar.
- The book that you recommended was excellent.
- People who sleep well often learn faster.
- The room where we met was too small.
Tidak ada koma karena informasinya penting.
Non-Defining Relative Clauses
Non-defining clause menambahkan informasi ekstra. Nominanya sudah jelas.
- My laptop, which I bought last year, is already full.
- Lena, who works in marketing, designed the poster.
- The library, where I study on weekends, closes at six.
Gunakan koma karena klausa ini tambahan. Jika kamu menghapusnya, kalimat utama tetap berfungsi.
Penting: that biasanya tidak dipakai dalam non-defining clauses. Katakan "My laptop, which I bought last year," bukan "My laptop, that I bought last year."
Natural Examples
People
- The teacher who explained the rule saved us twenty minutes.
- The friend that sent the link was right.
- Anyone who has tried this exercise knows it is harder than it looks.
Gunakan who saat kamu ingin rujukan manusia yang jelas. That juga umum dalam defining clauses, terutama dalam percakapan sehari-hari.
Things
- The app that tracks my habits is surprisingly honest.
- The chair which broke yesterday has been replaced.
- I read an article that changed how I plan my week.
Untuk benda, that sangat umum dalam defining clauses. Which juga benar dalam banyak kasus, terutama dalam tulisan yang lebih formal.
Places
- This is the office where I had my first interview.
- I found a quiet corner where nobody was talking.
- The hotel where we stayed had a rooftop garden.
Where bisa menggantikan "in which" atau "at which" saat nominanya adalah tempat.
Times
- Friday is the day when the results come out.
- I remember the moment when the lights went out.
- Summer is the season when the city feels slower.
When menghubungkan informasi tambahan dengan nomina waktu.
Leaving Out the Relative Word
Kadang kamu bisa menghilangkan who, which, atau that saat kata itu adalah objek dalam klausa:
The movie that we watched was strange.
The movie we watched was strange.
The person who I called did not answer.
The person I called did not answer.
Tetapi jangan hilangkan jika kata itu adalah subjek:
- The person who called me was polite.
- Not: The person called me was polite.
Versi kedua itu terdengar seperti orang tersebut menyebutmu polite, yang merupakan cerita berbeda.
Which or That?
Dalam defining clauses sehari-hari, that sering menjadi pilihan sederhana untuk benda:
- The file that I downloaded is corrupted.
- The idea that changed my mind was surprisingly simple.
Which juga umum untuk benda, terutama saat klausa menambahkan informasi ekstra:
- The file, which I downloaded this morning, is corrupted.
- The idea, which sounded strange at first, worked well.
Jika kamu ingin aturan praktis, gunakan that saat klausa itu penting dan tidak ada koma. Gunakan which saat klausa itu tambahan dan memakai koma. Aturan ini akan membuat sebagian besar tulisan tetap rapi, walaupun penggunaan nyata punya sedikit fleksibilitas.
The Two-Sentence Test
Cara bagus untuk membangun relative clause adalah mulai dari dua kalimat sederhana:
I met a designer. The designer built this app.
I met a designer who built this app.
We visited a town. The town has no traffic lights.
We visited a town that has no traffic lights.
Jika kalimat kedua mengulang nomina dari kalimat pertama, nomina yang diulang itulah tempat relative word masuk. Ini menjaga klausa menempel pada nomina yang tepat dan membantumu menghindari pronoun tambahan seperti "the app that I downloaded it."
Common Traps
Trap 1: Using Which for People
"The woman which helped me" terdengar salah. Gunakan who atau that: "The woman who helped me" atau "The woman that helped me."
Trap 2: Forgetting Commas
Bandingkan:
- My brother who lives in Boston is visiting. Ini menyiratkan aku mungkin punya lebih dari satu saudara laki-laki, dan maksudku yang tinggal di Boston.
- My brother, who lives in Boston, is visiting. Ini mengatakan aku punya saudara laki-laki, lalu memberi detail tambahan: ia tinggal di Boston.
Koma bisa mengubah makna.
Trap 3: Using That After a Comma
Gunakan which atau who dalam non-defining clauses:
- The camera, which was expensive, broke after a week.
- The speaker, who arrived late, apologized.
Trap 4: Adding Extra Pronouns
"The book that I bought it was expensive" punya satu pronoun terlalu banyak. Relative word sudah menghubungkan objek. Katakan "The book that I bought was expensive."
Trap 5: Confusing Where With Which
Gunakan where saat nominanya tempat dan klausanya berarti "in/at that place." Gunakan which saat nomina tempat itu punya tugas lain.
- The cafe where we met is closed.
- The cafe which opened last year is closed.
Trap 6: Making the Clause Too Far From the Noun
Jaga relative clause tetap dekat dengan nomina yang dideskripsikannya. "I found a notebook in the drawer that had a red cover" bisa terdengar seolah drawer yang punya red cover. Lebih baik: "I found a notebook that had a red cover in the drawer." Jika kalimat masih terasa penuh, pecah menjadi dua kalimat. Tulisan yang mulus lebih penting daripada memaksa semua detail masuk ke satu rantai panjang.
Wrong / Better / Why
| Wrong | Better | Why |
|---|---|---|
| The person which called you is here. | The person who called you is here. | Gunakan who untuk orang. |
| The book that I bought it was cheap. | The book that I bought was cheap. | Jangan ulang objek dengan it. |
| My phone, that I bought yesterday, is broken. | My phone, which I bought yesterday, is broken. | Jangan gunakan that dalam non-defining clauses. |
| The city which I grew up is quiet. | The city where I grew up is quiet. | Klausa mengacu pada tempat. |
| The woman helped me was kind. | The woman who helped me was kind. | Relative word adalah subjek dan tidak bisa dihilangkan. |
| I remember the day where we met. | I remember the day when we met. | Gunakan when untuk nomina waktu. |
Mini Practice
Pilih relative word terbaik: who, which, that, where, atau when.
- The student _____ won the prize looked shocked.
- This is the park _____ we play tennis.
- I found the keys _____ I lost yesterday.
- My tablet, _____ I use for reading, needs charging.
- Saturday is the day _____ we clean the apartment.
- The article _____ explained the issue was very clear.
- The manager, _____ joined last month, is leading the project.
- The restaurant _____ opened downtown is already popular.
Answer Key
- who atau that - Seseorang sedang diidentifikasi.
- where - Klausa mengacu pada tempat.
- that atau tanpa relative word - Keys adalah objek dalam klausa.
- which - Non-defining clause tentang benda.
- when - Nominanya adalah waktu.
- that atau which - Sebuah benda sedang diidentifikasi.
- who - Non-defining clause tentang orang.
- that atau which - Restaurant adalah subjek relative clause.
Tiny Summary
Relative clauses menambahkan informasi ke nomina.
Gunakan who untuk orang, which untuk benda, where untuk tempat, dan when untuk waktu.
Gunakan that dalam banyak defining clauses, tetapi bukan setelah koma.
Koma berarti klausanya tambahan.
Relative clauses menghemat kata dengan menghubungkan ide-ide yang memang seharusnya bersama.
